Idāni Konphusiyassa Saddaṃ Suṇāma
Porāṇā Cīnabhāsā parikkhāsālāya sabbadā tuṇhībhūtā bhāsā na ahosi. Pubbe uccena saddena vuttā ahosi, Mandarinabhāsāto pana visadisā saddāyittha. Ayaṃ kathā paṇḍitehi kathaṃ so saddo puna laddho, taṃ dasseti.
Konphusiyassa nāmaṃ uccena vadehi. Mandarinabhāsāya taṃ "Kong Qiu" nāma hoti, dve samā c'eva suddhā ca akkharā. Idha pana ekaṃ cittasaṅkopakaraṃ atthi: so puriso sayaṃ taṃ nāmaṃ maññe na sallakkheyya.
Yadi tassa gottanāmaṃ 孔 puna kappema, yaṃ vassasate pañcame purebhāve saddāyittha bhaveyya, khˤongʔ iva sotabbaṃ hoti: saghosakaṃ k-akāraṃ, gīvāya saṅkocanaṃ, ante khuddakaṃ chedanaṃ, Mandarinabhāsāya vuttasadisaṃ gāyanasaraṃ pana natthi. Tassa pūranāmaṃ 孔丘 khˤongʔ khwə iva hoti. Konphusiyassa ganthānaṃ bhāsāya byañjanasamūhā c'eva gīvāsaṅkocitākkharā ca ahesuṃ. Aññaṃ lokaṃ viya saddāyittha, aññaṃ loko hi ahosi.
Bahūnaṃ Cīnabhāsaṃ vadantānaṃ kate, porāṇā Cīnabhāsā, 文言文, pīṭhe eva samāgacchati: parikkhāya bhāgekadeso, akkharānaṃ bhitti, vibhajitvā pacchā pihitabbaṃ vatthu. Sukaraṃ hi vissarituṃ yaṃ akkharānaṃ pacchato mukhaṃ ahosi. Manussā imāni padāni avadaṃsu. Tehi vivadiṃsu, hasiṃsu, āyāciṃsu ca. Ito pacchimesu dasakesu paṇḍitā tuṇhībhūtā bahutaraṃ puna alabhiṃsu, kathaṃ tāni padāni sacca-saddena saddāyiṃsu.
Lipi Porāṇasaddānaṃ Nidhānaṃ Hoti
Cīnākkharā sabbato appasaddavibhāvanā lipi viya dissanti. Te pana vivaṭe ṭhāne saddanidhiṃ gūhanti.
Bahutarā akkharā atthabhāgena ca saddabhāgena ca katā honti. Akkharaṃ 馬 (Mandarinabhāsāya mǎ, "asso") saddasaññāṇaṃ hutvā aññesaṃ akkharānaṃ kule sabbattha dissati. Idaṃ tadā eva sādhu hoti yadi tāni akkharāni pubbe "asso"-saddena samānussarāni vā samīpasamānussarāni vā ahesuṃ. Bahūni īdisāni kulāni anugantvā purāṇasaddā tikoṇanayena labbhanti, yathā parisamantato ṭhitehi saṃvādehi naṭṭhaṃ gītaṃ puna kappeyya. Puna kappitaṃ, 馬 mˤraʔ iva hoti, majjhe nilīnena khuddakena r-akārena, yaṃ Mandarinabhāsā cirena gilitvā ahosi.
Idha tayo sādhakadhārā samāgacchanti. Paṭhamaṃ, tāni akkharakulāni saddasaññāṇavantāni. Dutiyaṃ, samānussaraṇaṃ: Shijing-ganthe, Gāthāpotthake, bahūni kabbāni porāṇa-Cīnabhāsāya samānussaranti, Mandarinabhāsāya pana na samānussaranti, tasmā "kiṃ kena pubbe samānussari" taṃ nayanaṃ purāṇasarānaṃ nakkhattapaṭaṃ viya hoti. Tatiyaṃ, paravacanāni: samīpabhāsāhi gahitāni ca dinnāni ca Cīnapadāni, yāni purāṇasaddaṃ kīṭaṃ viya jatumhi ṭhapesuṃ.
Ajjatanaṃ pamāṇabhūtaṃ punakappanaṃ Viliyamo Bakkharo ca Laurento Sagaṭo ca vassasate 2014 pakāsesuṃ, saha adhikapañcasahassa-vatthūnaṃ amūlaka-sannicayena, yaṃ sabbe otāretuṃ sakkonti. Taṃ nīcamānaṃ yāva sappurisatāya. Yattha sādhakaṃ khīyati, tattha lakkhaṇaṃ evaṃ vadati: saddassa samantā kotthakaṃ "īdisaṃ kiñci, api ca amhākaṃ niṭṭhā natthi" ti atthaṃ deti. Ayaṃ saccavāditā asāradhammassa paṭikkhepo hoti, garukātabbā ca.
Bhāsā Yāya Gāyanasaro Nāhosi
Idaṃ vatthu manusse ṭhāpeti. Porāṇa-Cīnabhāsāya, Konphusiyassa ca Gāthānaṃ ca bhāsāya, ekaṃsena maññe gāyanasaro sabbaso na ahosi.
Ye gāyanasarā ajja Mandarinabhāsāya vā Kantonabhāsāya vā ativiya āvassakā viya khāyanti, te ādimhi nāhesuṃ. Te satavassehi, pacchā naṭṭhehi saddehi, vaḍḍhiṃsu. Yadā akkharaṃ gīvāya khuddakena saṇṭhānena vā s-akārena vā antaṃ karoti sma, taṃ pariyosānaṃ jiṇṇaṃ hutvā nassati sma, taṃ pacchā ṭhapitaṃ sarauccattaṃ thiraṃ hutvā gāyanasaro ahosi. Gāyanasarā, ekena pariyāyena, naṭṭha-byañjanānaṃ bhūtā viya honti.
Tasmā yathā yathā gambhīraṃ gacchasi, tathā tathā bhāsā gāyanasarabhāsā viya kamena na saddāyati, byañjanasamūhehi ceva antimabyañjanehi ca sakasakena vilāsena saddāyati. Samāsapadaṃ 司馬, sīmǎ, "gehassa adhipati" iti atthaṃ dento, akkharaso "pariharaassa" hoti, porāṇa-Cīnabhāsāya s.ə-mraʔ iva saddāyati. Mukhe taṃ byañjanasamūhaṃ pāyena vediyitabbaṃ hoti.
Idaṃ sabbaṃ saddamuddāṇaṃ na hoti, saccavādino paṇḍitā evam eva vadanti. Mayaṃ saṃyoge saddhāya puna kappema: ko saddo kena virujjhati, kathaṃ akkharāni kariyanti. Tassa yeva saṅgītaṃ, sukhumataraṃ ākāraṃ, ajjāpi vivadanti, Bakkhara-Sagaṭa-nayassa ca garukā paccatthikā santi ye aññaṃ punakappanaṃ icchanti. Mahantaṃ pana vacanaṃ thirameva. Ayaṃ bhāsitā bhāsā ahosi, na kevalaṃ isīhi pana sabbehi bhāsitā, sikkhāsālāya vuttākārena kiñci pi na saddāyittha.
Pañca Padāni, Kathañca Tāni Saddāyeyyuṃ
Ajjatana-vācanassa ca punakappita-vācanassa ca antaraṃ sabbaṃ vuttantaṃ saṅkhepena dasseti:
- 孔 (Mandarinabhāsāya Kǒng) puna kappitaṃ khˤongʔ, Konphusiyassa gottanāmaṃ.
- 馬 (Mandarinabhāsāya mǎ) puna kappitaṃ mˤraʔ, asso, saha antonilīnena naṭṭhena r-akārena.
- 丘 (Mandarinabhāsāya Qiū) puna kappitaṃ khwə, Konphusiyassa paccattanāmaṃ, "pabbato".
- 有 (Mandarinabhāsāya yǒu) puna kappitaṃ ɢʷəʔ, dhāretuṃ.
- 司馬 (Mandarinabhāsāya sīmǎ) puna kappitaṃ s.ə-mraʔ, gehādhipati, akkharaso "pariharaassa".
Porāṇa-Cīnabhāsaṃ kevalaṃ potthake guḷhalekhanaṃ viya sikkhituṃ, taṃ dūre eva ṭhapeti. Taṃ bhāsaṃ viya sikkhituṃ, sakena laddhena saddena kaṇṇe santena, tehi manussehi ye paṭhamaṃ imāni padāni avadaṃsu tesaṃ santikaṃ upagacchati, pubbapurisassa saddaṃ manda-manda suṇāti ca. Taṃ santikabhāvaṃ dātuṃ yeva PRAVIEL kataṃ hoti: na paramparāya saṅkhepaṃ, atha kho tassā sakehi padehi anto pavesanamaggaṃ, idāni ca sakasaddassa samīpaṃ kiñci.
Mūlāni
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